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These entries reuse the bundled source notes for the references used across the model. Browse them as a quick encyclopedia of the populations, sites, locations, and periods represented in the report framework.
2 reference entries
Barcin Hoyuk
Marmara, Turkey
Barcın Höyük is among the earliest Neolithic settlements in northwestern Anatolia, situated on the shore of Lake İznik. Its community practised mixed agropastoral subsistence, and genomic evidence from this site has been central to characterising the Anatolian Neolithic gene pool that spread into Europe.
Tepecik-Ciftlik
Nigde, Turkey
Tepecik-Çiftlik is a long-lived Neolithic mound in the Cappadocian region of central Anatolia, with evidence for mixed farming, mudbrick architecture, and intensive obsidian use. Individuals belong to the wider Anatolian Neolithic gene pool closely related to populations involved in the spread of farming into the Aegean and the Near East.
2 reference entries
Kennewick individual
Washington State, USA
One of the oldest sequenced genomes from the Americas, recovered from the banks of the Columbia River. Genomically falls within the Native American clade, tracing ancestry to the initial peopling of the Americas via Beringia.
Moraes rockshelter
Miracatu, São Paulo, Brazil
The Moraes rockshelter in the Ribeira de Iguape valley of southern São Paulo yielded Middle Holocene hunter-gatherer remains associated with inland Atlantic Forest foraging populations. Individuals belong to the broader Native American genetic lineage derived from the initial peopling of the Americas.
1 reference entries
Kotias Klde
Georgia
Kotias Klde is a rock shelter in western Georgia that yielded one of the classic reference genomes for Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) ancestry. CHG is distinct from both Anatolian Neolithic and Iranian Neolithic lineages, and later contributed to Early Bronze Age steppe populations, giving it broad downstream presence across Eurasia.
2 reference entries
Lebyazhinka-4
Samara, Russia
Lebyazhinka-4 is a burial site in the Samara region of the middle Volga representing Neolithic foragers of the Eastern European forest-steppe. Individuals are classified as Eastern Hunter-Gatherers and represent the local forager substrate predating Bronze Age steppe pastoralism.
Minino 1
Vologda Oblast, Russia
Minino 1, near Lake Vozhe in northwestern Russia, yielded Mesolithic skeletal remains representing Eastern Hunter-Gatherers. These individuals carried a mixture of Ancient North Eurasian and Western Hunter-Gatherer related ancestry, and EHG ancestry later contributed substantially to Bronze Age steppe populations.
2 reference entries
Ain Ghazal
Amman, Jordan
Ain Ghazal was one of the largest Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlements in the southern Levant, known for its plaster statues and established farming and herding. Individuals belong primarily to a southern Levantine Neolithic lineage rooted in Natufian-related ancestry, with additional Anatolian Neolithic affinity.
Ba'ja
Petra region, Jordan
Ba'ja is a Late PPNB settlement near Petra in southern Jordan, notable for its dense architecture and elaborate burials. Individuals belong to the Levantine Neolithic population structure rooted in Natufian-related ancestry, with additional Anatolian Neolithic affinity reflecting broader Near Eastern interaction networks.
3 reference entries
Odake Shell Midden
Toyama, Japan
The Odake shell midden in Toyama Prefecture is associated with the Early Jōmon culture, the pre-agricultural forager tradition of the Japanese archipelago. Jōmon individuals carry ancestry deeply divergent from both continental East Asian and West Eurasian populations, rooted in early Upper Paleolithic dispersals into East Asia.
Songhua River region
Heilongjiang, China
This sample derives from sites along the Songhua River in northeastern China, representing early ceramic-using populations of the Amur Basin. Individuals carry East Asian ancestry closely related to the ancestral pool of later Tungusic and northern East Asian groups.
Wanggou site
Henan, China
The Wanggou site in Henan is associated with the Neolithic farming cultures of the Yellow River Basin, which independently developed millet agriculture. Individuals cluster with other East Asian agricultural groups ancestral to the majority of present-day East Asians.
2 reference entries
East Africa Pastoral Neolithic horizon
Kenya (Rift Valley)
These samples represent some of the earliest herding populations in eastern Africa, associated with the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Ancestry related to this horizon remains particularly high in parts of East Africa today.
Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa
Khemisset region, Morocco
Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa is a cave in northern Morocco yielding some of the earliest Neolithic genomic data from northwestern Africa. Individuals derive almost entirely from local Maghrebi ancestry continuous with earlier North African populations, predating the stronger Levant-related input seen in later North African groups.
2 reference entries
Andamanese
Andaman Islands
The Andamanese are indigenous to the Andaman Islands and represent one of the most isolated population histories in Asia, tracing ancestry to an early out-of-Africa dispersal predating major agricultural expansions. They have remained largely unaffected by the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and historical gene flow events that reshaped neighboring continental populations.
Middle Sepik River communities
New Guinea
Papuans carry some of the deepest-diverging non-African ancestry in the human genome, including contributions from both Neanderthal and Denisovan archaic introgression. They descend from an early dispersal out of Africa largely separate from the expansions that shaped mainland Eurasian populations.
3 reference entries
Aweil-related Nilotic reference
South Sudan
The Dinka are a Nilotic-speaking pastoral people of South Sudan carrying deep Nile Valley-rooted ancestry with minimal West Eurasian admixture. They serve as a clean reference for modelling sub-Saharan African ancestry in populations where such a component is present.
Mota Cave
Gamo Highlands, Ethiopia
Mota Cave in southwestern Ethiopia yielded one of the first high-coverage ancient genomes from sub-Saharan Africa. The individual represents a pre-pastoralist East African forager population predating the back-migration of West Eurasian Neolithic-related ancestry into East Africa.
Yoruba reference
Nigeria
The Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria represent a core West African ancestry profile rooted in the Niger-Congo agricultural tradition. Yoruba-related ancestry is widely used as a proxy for the West African component that spread across sub-Saharan Africa through the Bantu expansion.
1 reference entries
Loschbour Rock Shelter
Müllerthal, Luxembourg
Loschbour is one of the classic reference genomes for Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) ancestry in Europe, recovered from a rock shelter in Luxembourg. WHG ancestry formed a major component of pre-Neolithic European populations and persisted through admixture with incoming Anatolian Neolithic farmers.
1 reference entries
Ganj Dareh
Kermanshah Province, Iran
Ganj Dareh is one of the earliest Neolithic settlements in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran, associated with early herding of goats and a pastoral-focused economy rather than full agriculture. Genetically, individuals belong to an early Iranian Neolithic lineage distinct from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, Levantine groups, and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers, representing a separate eastern branch of Near Eastern population structure that later contributed ancestry to populations across West Asia and South Asia.